feat: device linking, and signing in to the hub with a device key

Stage C. Identity keys are per node, so a browser and a desktop client are two
keys on one account there — and the node refused the second where it accepted
the first. Without this, an account created natively could never be opened in a
browser without an operator code per node, and "a native client must not prevent
web use" would have been dead on arrival.

Device linking (node)
---------------------
`identities` is keyed by `(user_id, pk_ed25519)` instead of `user_id` alone. The
old shape did `INSERT OR REPLACE`, so a second device overwrote the first
silently; SQLite cannot change a primary key in place, so the table is rebuilt.
Existing pins are carried over — verified against a live roster with 10 of them,
nobody re-pairs.

A new device files a request bound by `sha256(code ‖ its own keys)`, and a key
the node **already pinned** countersigns it. The hub cannot: it has stored no
user keys since 2026-08-14, which is what makes this safe to do without an
operator in the loop.

**The code never reaches the node.** It lists this account's pending requests
with their stored hashes; the approver recomputes and keeps the match. A node
offering fabricated keys would have to produce a hash over a code it has never
seen. Nothing rests on a human comparing digits — that ritual was dropped in
12.1 as "correct, unusable as the default" and must not return by the back door.

The design document had the approver look a request up *by* its hash, which is
circular: computing it needs the keys being asked about. Corrected in both.

Revocation marks rather than deletes, because a deleted row is a key the node
would happily pin again — which is the laptop somebody just reported lost. Your
last device cannot be revoked: coming back would need an operator's code.

Hub — the only change in the whole plan
---------------------------------------
`POST /v1/users/auth` signs in with a device Ed25519 key, on the same pattern as
`/v1/nodes/auth`, plus `/v1/users/devices` to register, list and retire. New
`user_devices` table with an Alembic migration, because `create_all()` is not
one.

This is **not** the key directory that was H3, and the tests say so: nothing
reads it but the hub, no group key is ever wrapped for one, and it is a
different key from the per-node identities. What it does cost is metadata — the
hub now knows how many devices an account has and when each last signed in.

Also `client.minimum` / `client.recommended` in `GET /v1/hub/version`: an
installed client meets a newer hub the day the interface ships in a package, and
that is cheap now and awkward to retrofit.

Browser
-------
The `key_changed` refusal becomes `unknown_device` and offers a linking code
instead of telling someone to find their operator. The Members panel lists this
account's devices here, approves one by code, and retires one.

773 tests pass. `e2e.py` gained a step that links a device end to end against
the live deployment — file, list, recompute, countersign, then open the group
with the new keys and no code — and it also gained `recv_type`, because a step
that assumes the next message is its own answer reads an ack left by the step
before.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

1 files changed, 183 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/packages/meshbay-hub/src/meshbay_hub/api/users.py b/packages/meshbay-hub/src/meshbay_hub/api/users.py
index 0bfbcac..b5fa205 100644
--- a/packages/meshbay-hub/src/meshbay_hub/api/users.py
+++ b/packages/meshbay-hub/src/meshbay_hub/api/users.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 """User endpoints — /v1/users/*"""
 
 import base64
+import time
 import logging
 import uuid
 from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
 
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ed25519 import Ed25519PublicKey
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Request, status
 from pydantic import BaseModel, field_validator
 from sqlalchemy import delete, select, update
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ from meshbay_hub.api.netutil import client_ip
 from meshbay_hub.config import HubConfig
 from meshbay_hub.db.engine import get_db
 from meshbay_hub.db.models import (
-    Group, GroupMember, IPLog, Node, Notification, RefreshToken, User,
+    Group, GroupMember, IPLog, Node, Notification, RefreshToken, User, UserDevice,
 )
 from meshbay_hub.api.deps import get_current_user, require_user_scope
 
@@ -232,6 +234,186 @@ async def login(
     }
 
 
+# ── Device authentication ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#
+# A device signs in with an Ed25519 key instead of re-deriving one from the
+# passphrase every time. The passphrase remains the account's credential and its
+# only recovery path; this is the day-to-day path once a device is registered.
+#
+# This is **not** the key directory that was H3, and the difference matters:
+# nothing reads these but the hub, no group key is ever wrapped for one, and it
+# is a different key from the per-node identity keys, which never leave the
+# device-node relationship. What it does cost is metadata — the hub now knows
+# how many devices an account has and when each last signed in.
+
+DEVICE_AUTH_TIMESTAMP_WINDOW = 60  # seconds, as for node auth
+
+
+class DeviceRegisterRequest(BaseModel):
+    pk_auth_ed25519: str          # base64 raw 32 bytes
+    label: str = ""
+
+
+class DeviceAuthRequest(BaseModel):
+    username:  str
+    timestamp: int                # unix epoch seconds
+    signature: str                # base64 Ed25519 over the message below
+
+
+@router.post("/devices", status_code=201)
+async def register_device(
+    body: DeviceRegisterRequest,
+    current_user: User = Depends(require_user_scope),
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
+):
+    """
+    Register a device's hub authentication key.
+
+    Requires an existing session, which in practice means the passphrase was
+    entered on this device a moment ago. A device cannot enrol itself.
+    """
+    try:
+        raw = base64.b64decode(body.pk_auth_ed25519)
+        Ed25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(raw)
+    except Exception:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid Ed25519 public key")
+
+    existing = await db.execute(
+        select(UserDevice).where(
+            UserDevice.pk_auth_ed25519 == body.pk_auth_ed25519))
+    found = existing.scalar_one_or_none()
+    if found:
+        if found.user_id != current_user.id:
+            # One key, one account. Sharing it would make "who signed in" a
+            # question with two answers.
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=409,
+                                detail="That key belongs to another account")
+        return {"id": found.id, "label": found.label, "existing": True}
+
+    count = await db.execute(
+        select(UserDevice).where(UserDevice.user_id == current_user.id))
+    if len(count.scalars().all()) >= 10:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=409,
+                            detail="Too many devices — remove one first")
+
+    device = UserDevice(user_id=current_user.id,
+                        pk_auth_ed25519=body.pk_auth_ed25519,
+                        label=body.label[:64])
+    db.add(device)
+    await db.commit()
+    await db.refresh(device)
+    return {"id": device.id, "label": device.label, "existing": False}
+
+
+@router.get("/devices")
+async def list_devices(
+    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user),
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
+):
+    result = await db.execute(
+        select(UserDevice).where(UserDevice.user_id == current_user.id)
+        .order_by(UserDevice.created_at))
+    return {"devices": [
+        {"id": d.id, "label": d.label,
+         "created_at": d.created_at.isoformat() if d.created_at else None,
+         "last_seen": d.last_seen.isoformat() if d.last_seen else None}
+        for d in result.scalars().all()
+    ]}
+
+
+@router.delete("/devices/{device_id}")
+async def delete_device(
+    device_id: str,
+    current_user: User = Depends(require_user_scope),
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
+):
+    """Retire a device's hub key. Its per-node identities are separate and are
+    revoked on each node, which the hub cannot do and should not be able to."""
+    result = await db.execute(
+        select(UserDevice).where(UserDevice.id == device_id,
+                                 UserDevice.user_id == current_user.id))
+    device = result.scalar_one_or_none()
+    if not device:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="No such device")
+    await db.delete(device)
+    await db.commit()
+    return {"status": "deleted", "id": device_id}
+
+
+@router.post("/auth")
+@limiter.limit("10/minute")
+async def device_auth(
+    body: DeviceAuthRequest,
+    request: Request,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
+):
+    """
+    Sign in with a registered device key. Same shape as `/v1/nodes/auth`.
+
+    The timestamp window is what stops a captured signature being replayed
+    later; the signature covers the username as well, so one collected for a
+    different account is not usable here.
+    """
+    now = int(time.time())
+    if abs(now - body.timestamp) > DEVICE_AUTH_TIMESTAMP_WINDOW:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401,
+                            detail="Timestamp too old or too far in the future")
+
+    result = await db.execute(select(User).where(User.username == body.username))
+    user = result.scalar_one_or_none()
+    if not user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid credentials")
+    if user.status != "active":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail=f"Account {user.status}")
+
+    devices = await db.execute(
+        select(UserDevice).where(UserDevice.user_id == user.id))
+    message = f"meshbay:user_auth:{body.username}:{body.timestamp}".encode()
+    try:
+        sig = base64.b64decode(body.signature)
+    except Exception:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid signature encoding")
+
+    matched = None
+    for device in devices.scalars().all():
+        try:
+            pk = Ed25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(
+                base64.b64decode(device.pk_auth_ed25519))
+            pk.verify(sig, message)
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+        matched = device
+        break
+
+    if matched is None:
+        db.add(IPLog(user_id=user.id, event="device_auth_fail",
+                     ip_address=client_ip(request), detail=body.username))
+        await db.commit()
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid signature")
+
+    matched.last_seen = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+
+    memberships = await db.execute(
+        select(GroupMember.group_id).where(GroupMember.user_id == user.id))
+    group_ids = [gid for (gid,) in memberships.all()]
+    access_token = issue_access_token(user.id, ttl=_ttl(), groups=group_ids)
+    raw_rt, rt_hash = generate_refresh_token()
+    expires_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=_refresh_ttl())
+    db.add(RefreshToken(user_id=user.id, token_hash=rt_hash,
+                        family_id=str(uuid.uuid4()), expires_at=expires_at))
+    db.add(IPLog(user_id=user.id, event="device_auth",
+                 ip_address=client_ip(request)))
+    await db.commit()
+
+    return {
+        "access_token":  access_token,
+        "refresh_token": raw_rt,
+        "token_type":    "bearer",
+        "expires_in":    _ttl(),
+        "device_id":     matched.id,
+    }
+
+
 @router.post("/token/refresh")
 @limiter.limit("20/minute")
 async def token_refresh(