feat(node): indexing v2 — partial-read hashing for files above 40 MB

Files above 40 MB are no longer read in full. Instead, blake3 hashes
45 MB of samples (first 20 MB + last 20 MB + 5 MB at 50% offset).
Files at or below 40 MB are unchanged (full read, hash_version 1).

A new `hash_version` field on IndexEntry (default 1) travels on the
wire and through the cache so both versions coexist without breaking
existing nodes or clients.

The IndexCache auto-migrates its schema on open (ALTER TABLE), so no
manual step is required on upgrade. A standalone migration script is
available in QE/migration/ for operators who want to preview or force
a full re-hash.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

4 files changed, 305 insertions, 40 deletions

diff --git a/packages/meshbay-node/src/meshbay_node/indexer/cache.py b/packages/meshbay-node/src/meshbay_node/indexer/cache.py
index 31b9b15..c167db9 100644
--- a/packages/meshbay-node/src/meshbay_node/indexer/cache.py
+++ b/packages/meshbay-node/src/meshbay_node/indexer/cache.py
@@ -32,21 +32,25 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 _SCHEMA = """
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS files (
-    path      TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-    mtime     REAL NOT NULL,
-    size      INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    hash      TEXT NOT NULL,
-    type      TEXT NOT NULL,
-    added_at  INTEGER NOT NULL
+    path         TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    mtime        REAL NOT NULL,
+    size         INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    hash         TEXT NOT NULL,
+    type         TEXT NOT NULL,
+    added_at     INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    hash_version INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1
 );
 """
 
+_MIGRATE_V2 = "ALTER TABLE files ADD COLUMN hash_version INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1"
+
 
 @dataclass
 class CachedEntry:
     hash: str
     type: str
     added_at: int
+    hash_version: int = 1
 
 
 class IndexCache:
@@ -60,6 +64,10 @@ class IndexCache:
         self._db_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         self._db = await aiosqlite.connect(str(self._db_path))
         await self._db.executescript(_SCHEMA)
+        try:
+            await self._db.execute(_MIGRATE_V2)
+        except Exception:
+            pass  # column already exists
         await self._db.commit()
 
     async def close(self) -> None:
@@ -74,34 +82,36 @@ class IndexCache:
     async def __aexit__(self, *_):
         await self.close()
 
-    async def lookup(self, path: str, size: int, mtime: float) -> CachedEntry | None:
+    async def lookup(self, path: str, size: int, mtime: float,
+                     hash_version: int = 1) -> CachedEntry | None:
         """
-        A cache hit requires an EXACT match on both size and mtime. A mtime
-        touched without a content change is a false negative (an unnecessary
-        rehash) — accepted, since the alternative (trusting a stale hash) is
-        a silent wrong answer instead of an occasional wasted read.
+        A cache hit requires an EXACT match on size, mtime AND hash_version.
+        A v1 cached hash won't serve a v2 lookup for the same path — the file
+        is re-hashed with the new algorithm instead.
         """
         async with self._db.execute(
-                "SELECT hash, type, added_at FROM files "
-                "WHERE path = ? AND size = ? AND mtime = ?",
-                (path, size, mtime)) as cur:
+                "SELECT hash, type, added_at, hash_version FROM files "
+                "WHERE path = ? AND size = ? AND mtime = ? AND hash_version = ?",
+                (path, size, mtime, hash_version)) as cur:
             row = await cur.fetchone()
-        return CachedEntry(hash=row[0], type=row[1], added_at=row[2]) if row else None
+        return CachedEntry(hash=row[0], type=row[1], added_at=row[2],
+                           hash_version=row[3]) if row else None
 
     async def put(self, path: str, size: int, mtime: float, hash: str,
-                  type: str, added_at: int) -> None:
+                  type: str, added_at: int, hash_version: int = 1) -> None:
         """
-        Written only once a file has been hashed in full — never partway
-        through — so a crash mid-hash leaves no stale/partial row behind: the
-        next scan simply finds no cache entry and hashes the file again.
+        Written only once a file has been hashed — never partway through — so
+        a crash mid-hash leaves no stale/partial row behind: the next scan
+        simply finds no cache entry and hashes the file again.
         """
         await self._db.execute(
-            "INSERT INTO files (path, mtime, size, hash, type, added_at) "
-            "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) "
+            "INSERT INTO files (path, mtime, size, hash, type, added_at, hash_version) "
+            "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) "
             "ON CONFLICT(path) DO UPDATE SET "
             "mtime = excluded.mtime, size = excluded.size, hash = excluded.hash, "
-            "type = excluded.type, added_at = excluded.added_at",
-            (path, mtime, size, hash, type, added_at))
+            "type = excluded.type, added_at = excluded.added_at, "
+            "hash_version = excluded.hash_version",
+            (path, mtime, size, hash, type, added_at, hash_version))
         await self._db.commit()
 
     # ── Maintenance (node admin UI "prune index cache") ──────────────────────
diff --git a/packages/meshbay-node/src/meshbay_node/indexer/indexer.py b/packages/meshbay-node/src/meshbay_node/indexer/indexer.py
index f78465b..8376c23 100644
--- a/packages/meshbay-node/src/meshbay_node/indexer/indexer.py
+++ b/packages/meshbay-node/src/meshbay_node/indexer/indexer.py
@@ -94,6 +94,32 @@ def _is_indexable_size(path: Path, size: int) -> bool:
 
 _HASH_CHUNK = 8 * 1024 * 1024   # 8 MB streaming hash chunks
 
+_PARTIAL_THRESHOLD = 40 * 1024 * 1024   # files above this use partial-read hashing
+_PARTIAL_HEAD      = 20 * 1024 * 1024
+_PARTIAL_TAIL      = 20 * 1024 * 1024
+_PARTIAL_MID       =  5 * 1024 * 1024
+
+
+def _feed(hasher, f, nbytes: int) -> None:
+    remaining = nbytes
+    while remaining > 0:
+        chunk = f.read(min(_HASH_CHUNK, remaining))
+        if not chunk:
+            break
+        hasher.update(chunk)
+        remaining -= len(chunk)
+
+
+def _partial_hash(file_path: Path, size: int) -> str:
+    hasher = blake3.blake3()
+    with open(long_path(file_path), "rb") as f:
+        _feed(hasher, f, _PARTIAL_HEAD)
+        f.seek(size - _PARTIAL_TAIL)
+        _feed(hasher, f, _PARTIAL_TAIL)
+        f.seek(size // 2)
+        _feed(hasher, f, _PARTIAL_MID)
+    return hasher.hexdigest()
+
 
 @dataclass
 class IndexProgress:
@@ -162,29 +188,33 @@ def _size_files(files: list[Path]) -> list[tuple[Path, int]]:
 
 def _scan_file(root: Root, file_path: Path) -> IndexEntry | None:
     """Compute IndexEntry for a file. Blocking — run in executor.
-    Uses streaming blake3 so arbitrarily large files (ISOs, VM images, etc.)
-    don't require loading the whole file into memory."""
+    Files <= 40 MB are hashed in full (hash_version 1). Files > 40 MB use a
+    45 MB partial read — first 20 MB, last 20 MB, 5 MB at 50% — for
+    hash_version 2."""
     if not _is_indexable(file_path):
         return None
     try:
         stat = file_path.stat()
         if not _is_indexable_size(file_path, stat.st_size):
             return None
-        hasher = blake3.blake3()
-        # long_path is a no-op off Windows; there it is what lets a deep media
-        # library past MAX_PATH.
-        with open(long_path(file_path), "rb") as f:
-            while chunk := f.read(_HASH_CHUNK):
-                hasher.update(chunk)
+        if stat.st_size > _PARTIAL_THRESHOLD:
+            hex_hash = _partial_hash(file_path, stat.st_size)
+            hv = 2
+        else:
+            hasher = blake3.blake3()
+            with open(long_path(file_path), "rb") as f:
+                while chunk := f.read(_HASH_CHUNK):
+                    hasher.update(chunk)
+            hex_hash = hasher.hexdigest()
+            hv = 1
         return IndexEntry(
-            id=hasher.hexdigest(),
-            # Stored exactly as the filesystem gave it: this is the string that
-            # opens the file. Normalization is for comparison only.
+            id=hex_hash,
             name=file_path.name,
             path=_virtual_dir(root, file_path),
             size=stat.st_size,
             type=_detect_type(file_path),
             added_at=int(stat.st_mtime),
+            hash_version=hv,
         )
     except (OSError, PermissionError, ValueError) as e:
         log.warning("Cannot index %s: %s", file_path, e)
@@ -375,10 +405,8 @@ class DirectoryIndexer:
     async def _hash_or_cached(self, root: Root, file_path: Path) -> IndexEntry | None:
         """
         Cache-aware replacement for a bare _scan_file() call: skips the
-        content read entirely when this path's (size, mtime) still match
-        what was hashed last time — the difference between a redundant full
-        rehash of a 100+ GB library on every restart and a stat()-only pass.
-        The only place that decides to actually read a file's bytes.
+        content read entirely when this path's (size, mtime, hash_version)
+        still match what was hashed last time.
         """
         if not _is_indexable(file_path):
             return None
@@ -389,8 +417,11 @@ class DirectoryIndexer:
         if not _is_indexable_size(file_path, st.st_size):
             return None
 
+        expected_hv = 2 if st.st_size > _PARTIAL_THRESHOLD else 1
+
         if self._cache is not None:
-            cached = await self._cache.lookup(str(file_path), st.st_size, st.st_mtime)
+            cached = await self._cache.lookup(
+                str(file_path), st.st_size, st.st_mtime, expected_hv)
             if cached is not None:
                 return IndexEntry(
                     id=cached.hash,
@@ -399,13 +430,15 @@ class DirectoryIndexer:
                     size=st.st_size,
                     type=cached.type,
                     added_at=cached.added_at,
+                    hash_version=cached.hash_version,
                 )
 
         loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
         entry = await loop.run_in_executor(self._executor, _scan_file, root, file_path)
         if entry and self._cache is not None:
             await self._cache.put(str(file_path), st.st_size, st.st_mtime,
-                                   entry.id, entry.type, entry.added_at)
+                                   entry.id, entry.type, entry.added_at,
+                                   entry.hash_version)
         return entry
 
     def _report_collisions(self) -> None:
diff --git a/packages/meshbay-node/tests/test_index_cache.py b/packages/meshbay-node/tests/test_index_cache.py
index 24e2f76..036b4d7 100644
--- a/packages/meshbay-node/tests/test_index_cache.py
+++ b/packages/meshbay-node/tests/test_index_cache.py
@@ -122,3 +122,80 @@ async def test_cache_survives_reopen(tmp_path):
 
     assert hit is not None
     assert hit.hash == "abc123"
+
+
+# ── hash_version support (indexing v2) ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_put_v2_then_lookup_hits(cache):
+    await cache.put("/lib/big.mkv", size=50_000_000, mtime=111.0,
+                     hash="partial_abc", type="video", added_at=42,
+                     hash_version=2)
+
+    hit = await cache.lookup("/lib/big.mkv", size=50_000_000, mtime=111.0,
+                              hash_version=2)
+    assert hit is not None
+    assert hit.hash == "partial_abc"
+    assert hit.hash_version == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_lookup_misses_on_wrong_hash_version(cache):
+    await cache.put("/lib/big.mkv", size=50_000_000, mtime=111.0,
+                     hash="full_hash", type="video", added_at=42,
+                     hash_version=1)
+
+    assert await cache.lookup("/lib/big.mkv", size=50_000_000, mtime=111.0,
+                               hash_version=2) is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_put_v2_overwrites_v1_for_same_path(cache):
+    await cache.put("/lib/big.mkv", size=50_000_000, mtime=111.0,
+                     hash="full_hash", type="video", added_at=42,
+                     hash_version=1)
+    await cache.put("/lib/big.mkv", size=50_000_000, mtime=111.0,
+                     hash="partial_hash", type="video", added_at=42,
+                     hash_version=2)
+
+    assert await cache.lookup("/lib/big.mkv", size=50_000_000, mtime=111.0,
+                               hash_version=1) is None
+    hit = await cache.lookup("/lib/big.mkv", size=50_000_000, mtime=111.0,
+                              hash_version=2)
+    assert hit is not None
+    assert hit.hash == "partial_hash"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_v1_schema_auto_migrates(tmp_path):
+    """An index_cache.db created by old code (no hash_version column) gains
+    the column on the next open(), and existing rows default to hash_version=1."""
+    import aiosqlite
+    db_path = tmp_path / "old_cache.db"
+    async with aiosqlite.connect(str(db_path)) as db:
+        await db.executescript("""
+            CREATE TABLE files (
+                path      TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+                mtime     REAL NOT NULL,
+                size      INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                hash      TEXT NOT NULL,
+                type      TEXT NOT NULL,
+                added_at  INTEGER NOT NULL
+            );
+        """)
+        await db.execute(
+            "INSERT INTO files (path, mtime, size, hash, type, added_at) "
+            "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
+            ("/lib/old.mkv", 111.0, 1000, "oldhash", "video", 42))
+        await db.commit()
+
+    cache = IndexCache(db_path=db_path)
+    await cache.open()
+    hit = await cache.lookup("/lib/old.mkv", size=1000, mtime=111.0,
+                              hash_version=1)
+    await cache.close()
+
+    assert hit is not None
+    assert hit.hash == "oldhash"
+    assert hit.hash_version == 1
diff --git a/packages/meshbay-node/tests/test_indexer.py b/packages/meshbay-node/tests/test_indexer.py
index 729dade..6aee1b5 100644
--- a/packages/meshbay-node/tests/test_indexer.py
+++ b/packages/meshbay-node/tests/test_indexer.py
@@ -723,3 +723,148 @@ async def test_reconcile_backoff_resets_when_something_actually_changes(
             await task
         except asyncio.CancelledError:
             pass
+
+
+# ── Indexing v2 — partial-read hashing ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_small_file_gets_hash_version_1(tmp_path):
+    from meshbay_node.indexer.indexer import _scan_file
+    d = tmp_path / "root"
+    d.mkdir()
+    f = d / "small.mp4"
+    f.write_bytes(os.urandom(1024))
+
+    entry = _scan_file(one_root(d).roots[0], f)
+    assert entry is not None
+    assert entry.hash_version == 1
+
+
+def test_large_file_gets_hash_version_2(tmp_path):
+    from meshbay_node.indexer.indexer import _scan_file, _PARTIAL_THRESHOLD
+    d = tmp_path / "root"
+    d.mkdir()
+    f = d / "big.mkv"
+    size = _PARTIAL_THRESHOLD + 1
+    f.write_bytes(os.urandom(size))
+
+    entry = _scan_file(one_root(d).roots[0], f)
+    assert entry is not None
+    assert entry.hash_version == 2
+    assert entry.size == size
+
+
+def test_file_at_threshold_gets_hash_version_1(tmp_path):
+    from meshbay_node.indexer.indexer import _scan_file, _PARTIAL_THRESHOLD
+    d = tmp_path / "root"
+    d.mkdir()
+    f = d / "exact.mkv"
+    f.write_bytes(os.urandom(_PARTIAL_THRESHOLD))
+
+    entry = _scan_file(one_root(d).roots[0], f)
+    assert entry is not None
+    assert entry.hash_version == 1
+
+
+def test_partial_hash_differs_from_full_hash(tmp_path):
+    """For a file above the threshold, the partial hash must differ from what
+    a full-file blake3 would produce (they read different bytes)."""
+    import blake3 as b3
+    from meshbay_node.indexer.indexer import _scan_file, _PARTIAL_THRESHOLD
+    d = tmp_path / "root"
+    d.mkdir()
+    f = d / "big.mkv"
+    content = os.urandom(_PARTIAL_THRESHOLD + 1024 * 1024)
+    f.write_bytes(content)
+
+    entry = _scan_file(one_root(d).roots[0], f)
+    full_hash = b3.blake3(content).hexdigest()
+
+    assert entry.id != full_hash
+    assert entry.hash_version == 2
+
+
+def test_partial_hash_is_deterministic(tmp_path):
+    from meshbay_node.indexer.indexer import _scan_file, _PARTIAL_THRESHOLD
+    d = tmp_path / "root"
+    d.mkdir()
+    f = d / "big.mkv"
+    f.write_bytes(os.urandom(_PARTIAL_THRESHOLD + 1))
+
+    e1 = _scan_file(one_root(d).roots[0], f)
+    e2 = _scan_file(one_root(d).roots[0], f)
+    assert e1.id == e2.id
+
+
+def test_group_index_roundtrip_preserves_hash_version(sk_node, gek):
+    from meshbay_common.protocol import IndexEntry
+    idx = GroupIndex(group_id="hv-test", sk_node=sk_node, gek=gek)
+    idx.add_entry(IndexEntry(
+        id="aaa", name="small.mp4", path="root", size=1024,
+        type="video", added_at=100, hash_version=1))
+    idx.add_entry(IndexEntry(
+        id="bbb", name="big.mkv", path="root", size=50_000_000,
+        type="video", added_at=200, hash_version=2))
+
+    wire = idx.serialize()
+    recovered = GroupIndex.deserialize(wire, sk_node=sk_node, gek=gek)
+
+    by_id = {e.id: e for e in recovered.entries}
+    assert by_id["aaa"].hash_version == 1
+    assert by_id["bbb"].hash_version == 2
+
+
+def test_deserialize_without_hash_version_defaults_to_1(sk_node, gek):
+    """Entries serialized by old code (no hash_version field) must deserialize
+    as hash_version=1."""
+    from meshbay_common.protocol import IndexEntry
+    idx = GroupIndex(group_id="compat", sk_node=sk_node, gek=gek)
+    idx.add_entry(IndexEntry(
+        id="old", name="f.mp4", path="root", size=1024,
+        type="video", added_at=100))
+    wire = idx.serialize()
+    recovered = GroupIndex.deserialize(wire, sk_node=sk_node, gek=gek)
+    assert recovered.entries[0].hash_version == 1
+
+
+def test_index_entry_wire_includes_hash_version():
+    from meshbay_common.protocol import IndexEntry, index_entry_wire
+    e = IndexEntry(id="x", name="f.mp4", path="root", size=1,
+                   type="video", added_at=0, hash_version=2)
+    w = index_entry_wire(e)
+    assert w["hash_version"] == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_cache_aware_scan_uses_hash_version(tmp_path, sk_node, gek):
+    from meshbay_node.indexer.indexer import _PARTIAL_THRESHOLD
+    d = tmp_path / "root"
+    d.mkdir()
+    small = d / "small.mp4"
+    small.write_bytes(os.urandom(1024))
+    big = d / "big.mkv"
+    big.write_bytes(os.urandom(_PARTIAL_THRESHOLD + 1))
+
+    cache = IndexCache(db_path=tmp_path / "cache.db")
+    await cache.open()
+
+    indexer = DirectoryIndexer(
+        roots=one_root(d), group_id="g", sk_node=sk_node, gek=gek,
+        cache=cache)
+    await indexer.initial_scan()
+
+    by_name = {e.name: e for e in indexer.index.entries}
+    assert by_name["small.mp4"].hash_version == 1
+    assert by_name["big.mkv"].hash_version == 2
+
+    hit_small = await cache.lookup(
+        str(small), small.stat().st_size, small.stat().st_mtime,
+        hash_version=1)
+    assert hit_small is not None
+
+    hit_big = await cache.lookup(
+        str(big), big.stat().st_size, big.stat().st_mtime,
+        hash_version=2)
+    assert hit_big is not None
+
+    await cache.close()